Chemically, oxybutynin chloride d,l (racemic)4-diethylamino-2-butynyl phenylcyclohexylglycolate hydrochloride. The empirical formula of oxybutynin chloride is C22H31NO3•HCl . The structural formula appears below:
Oxybutynin chloride is a white crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 393.9. It is readily soluble in water and acids, but relatively insoluble in alkalis.
Each 5 mL, for oral administration, contains 5 mg of oxybutynin chloride. In addition, the following inactive ingredients are present: citric acid, FD&C Green No. 3, raspberry flavor, glycerin, methylparaben, propylene glycol, sodium citrate, sorbitol solution, sucrose and water.
Therapeutic Category: Antispasmodic, anticholinergic.
Oxybutynin Syrup - Clinical Pharmacology
Oxybutynin chloride exerts a direct antispasmodic effects on smooth muscle and inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. Oxybutynin chloride exhibits only one fifth of the anticholinergic activity of atropine us the rabbit detrusor muscle, but four to ten times the antispasmodic activity. No blocking effects occur at skeletal neuromuscular junctions or autonomic ganglia (antinicotinic effects).
Oxybutynin chloride relaxes bladder smooth muscle. In patients with conditions characterized by involuntary bladder contractions, cystometric studies have demonstrated that oxybutynin chloride increases bladder (vesical) capacity, diminishes the frequency of uninhibited contractions of the detrusor muscle, and delays the initial desire to void. Oxybutynin chloride thus decreases urgency and the frequency of both incontinent episodes and voluntary urination.
Antimuscarinic activity resides predominately in the R-isomer. A metabolite, desethyloxybutynin, has pharmacological activity similar to that of oxybutynin in in vitro studies.
Parmacokinetics
Absorption
Following oral administration of oxybutynin chloride, oxybutynin is rapidly absorbed achieving Cmax within an hour, following which plasma concentration decreases with an effective half-life of approximately 2 to 3 hours. The absolute bioavailability of oxybutynin is reported to be about 6% (range 1.6 to 10.9%) for both the tablet and syrup. Wide interindividual variation in pharmacokinetic parameters is evident following oral administration of oxybutynin.
The mean pharmacokinetic parameters for R- and S-oxybutynin are summarized in Table 1. The plasma concentration-time profiles for R- and S-oxybutynin are similar in shape; Figure 1 shows the profile R-oxybutynin.
Table 1 Mean (SD) R- and S-Oxybutynin Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Three Doses of Oxybutynin Chloride 5 mg Administered every 8 Hours (n=23)
Parameters (units)
|
R-Oxybutynin
|
S-Oxybutynin |
Cmax (ng/mL)
|
3.6 (2.2)
|
7.8 (4.1) |
Tmax(h)
|
0.89 (0.34)
|
0.65 (0.32) |
AUCt (ng h/mL)
|
22.6 (11.3)
|
35.0 (17.3) |
| AUCinf (ng h/mL) |
24.3 (12.3) |
37.3 (18.7) |
Figure 1. Mean R-oxybutynin plasma concentrations following three doses of oxybutynin chloride 5 mg administered every 8 hours for 1 day in 23 healthy adult volunteers
Oxybutynin chloride steady-state pharmacokinetics were also studied in 23 pediatric patients with detrusor overactivity associated with a neurological condition (e.g., spina bifida). These pediatric patients were on oxybutynin chloride tablets (n=11) with total daily dose ranging from 7.5 mg to 15 mg (0.22 to 0.53 mg/kg) or oxybutynin chloride syrup (n=12) with total daily dose ranging from 5 mg to 22.5 mg (0.26 to 0.75 mg/kg). Overall, most patients (86.9%) were taking a total daily oxybutynin chloride dose between 10 mg and 15 mg. Sparse sampling technique was used to obtain serum samples. When all available data are normalized to an equivalent of 5 mg twice daily oxybutynin chloride, the mean pharmacokinetic parameters derived for R- and S-oxybutynin and R- and S-desethyloxybutynin are summarized in Table 2a (for tablet) and Table 2b (for syrup). The plasma-time concentration profiles for R- and S-oxybutynin are similar in shape; Figure 2 shows the profile for R-oxybutynin when all available data are normalized to an equivalent of 5 mg twice daily.
Table 2a Mean ± SD R- and S-Oxybutynin and R- and S-Desethyloxybutynin Pharmacokinetic Parameters In Children Aged 5-15 Following Administration of 7.5 mg to 15 mg Total Daily Dose of Oxybutynin Chloride Tablets (N=11)
All Available Data Normalized to an Equivalent of Oxybutynin Chloride Tablets 5 mg BID or TID at Steady State
|
R-Oxybutynin |
S-Oxybutynin |
R- Desethyloxybutynin |
S- Desethyloxybutynin |
Cmax*
(ng/mL) |
6.1 ± 3.2 |
10.1 ± 7.5 |
55.4 ± 17.9 |
28.2 ± 10.0 |
| Tmax (hr) |
1.0 |
1.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
AUC**
(ng.hr/mL) |
19.8 ± 7.4 |
28.4 ± 12.7 |
238.8 ± 77.6 |
119.5 ± 50.7 |
*Reflects Cmax for pooled data
**AUC0-end of dosing interval
Table 2b Mean ± SD R- and S-Oxybutynin and R- and S-Desethyloxybutynin Pharmacokinetic Parameters In Children Aged 5-15 Following Administration of 5 mg to 22.5 mg Total Daily Dose of Oxybutynin Chloride Syrup (N=12)
All Available Data Normalized to an Equivalent of Oxybutynin Chloride Syrup 5 mg BID or TID at Steady State
|
R-Oxybutynin |
S-Oxybutynin |
R- Desethyloxybutynin |
S- Desethyloxybutynin |
Cmax*
(ng/mL) |
5.7 ± 6.2 |
7.3 ± 7.3 |
54.2 ± 34.0 |
27.8 ± 20.7 |
| Tmax (hr) |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
AUC**
(ng.hr/mL) |
16.3 ± 17.1 |
20.2 ± 20.8 |
209.1 ± 174.2 |
99.1 ± 87.5 |
*Reflects Cmax for pooled data
**AUC0-end of dosing interval
Figure 2. Mean steady-state (±SD) R-oxybutynin plasma concentrations following administration of total daily OXYBUTYNIN CHLORIDE dose of 5 mg to 30 mg (0.21 mg/kg to 0.77 mg/kg) in children 5-15 years of age. – Plot represents all available data normalized to the equivalent of OXYBUTYNIN CHLORIDE 5 mg BID or TID at steady state
Food Effects
Data in the literature suggests that oxybutynin solution co-administered with food resulted in a slight delay in absorption and an increase in its bioavailability by 25% (n=18).1
Distribution
Plasma concentrations of oxybutynin decline biexponentially following intravenous or oral administration. The volume of distribution is 193 L after intravenous administration of 5 mg oxybutynin chloride.
Metabolism
Oxybutynin is metabolized primarily by the cytochrome P450 enzyme systems, particularly CYP3A4 found mostly in the liver and gut wall. Its metabolic products include phenylcyclohexylglycolic acid, which is pharmacologically inactive, and desethyloxybutynin, which is pharmacologically active.
Excretion
Oxybutynin is extensively metabolized by the liver, with less than 0.1% of the administered dose excreted unchanged in the urine. Also, less than 0.1% of the administered dose is excreted as the metabolite desethyloxybutynin.
Clinical Studies
Oxybutynin chloride was well tolerated in patients administered the drug in controlled studies of 30 days’ duration and in uncontrolled studies in which some of the patients received the drug for 2 years.
Indications and Usage for Oxybutynin Syrup
Oxybutynin Chloride Syrup is indicated for the relief of symptoms of bladder instability associated with voiding in patients with uninhibited neurogenic or reflex neurogenic bladder (i.e., urgency, frequency, urinary leakage, urge incontinence, dysuria).
Contraindications
Oxybutynin Chloride Syrup is contraindicated in patients with urinary retention, gastric retention and other severe decreased gastrointestinal motility conditions, uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma and in patients who are at risk for these conditions.
Oxybutynin chloride is also contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated hypersensitivity to the drug substance or other components of the product.
Precautions
Central Nervous System Effects
Oxybutynin is associated with anticholinergic central nervous system (CNS) effects (See ). A variety of CNS anticholinergic effects have been reported, including hallucinations, agitation, confusion and somnolence. Patients should be monitored for signs of anticholinergic CNS effects, particularly in the first few months after beginning treatment or increasing the dose. If a patient experiences anticholinergic CNS effects, dose reduction or drug discontinuation should be considered.
Oxybutynin chloride should be used with caution in patients with preexisting dementia treated with cholinesterase inhibitors due to the risk of aggravation of symptoms.
General
Oxybutynin Chloride Syrup should be used with caution in the frail elderly, in patients with hepatic or renal impairment, and in patients with myasthenia gravis.
Oxybutynin chloride may aggravate the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, hiatal hernia, tachycardia, hypertension, myasthenia gravis, and prostatic hypertrophy.
Urinary Retention
Oxybutynin chloride should be administered with caution to patients with clinically significant bladder outflow obstruction because of the risk of urinary retention (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Oxybutynin chloride should be administered with caution to patients with gastrointestinal obstructive disorders because of the risk of gastric retention (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Administration of oxybutynin chloride to patients with ulcerative colitis may suppress intestinal motility to the point of producing a paralytic ileus and precipitate or aggravate toxic megacolon, a serious complication of the disease.
Oxybutynin chloride, like other anticholinergic drugs, may decrease gastrointestinal motility and should be used with caution in patients with conditions such as ulcerative colitis, and intestinal atony.
Oxybutynin chloride should be used with caution in patients who have gastroesophageal reflux and/or who are concurrently taking drugs (such as bisphosphonates) that can cause or exacerbate esophagitis.
Information for Patients
Patients should be informed that heat prostration (fever and heat stroke due to decreased sweating) can occur when anticholinergics such as oxybutynin chloride are administered in the presence of high environmental temperature.
Because anticholinergic agents such as oxybutynin may produce drowsiness (somnolence), or blurred vision, patients should be advised to exercise caution.
Patients should be informed that alcohol may enhance the drowsiness caused by anticholinergic agents such as oxybutynin.
Drug Interactions
The concomitant use of oxybutynin with other anticholinergic drugs or with other agents which produce dry mouth, constipation, somnolence (drowsiness), and/or other anticholinergic-like effects may increase the frequency and/or severity of such effects.
Anticholinergic agents may potentially alter the absorption of some concomitantly administered drugs due to anticholinergic effects on gastrointestinal motility. This may be of concern for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index.
Mean oxybutynin chloride plasma concentrations were approximately 3-4 fold higher when oxybutynin chloride was administered with ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Other inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme system, such as antimycotic agents (e.g., itraconazole and miconazole) or macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin and clarithromycin), may alter oxybutynin mean pharmacokinetic parameters (i.e., Cmax and AUC). The clinical relevance of such potential interactions is not known. Caution should be used when such drugs are co-administered.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility
A 24-month study in rats at dosages of oxybutynin chloride of 20, 80, and 160 mg/kg/day showed no evidence of carcinogenicity. These doses are approximately 6, 25, and 50 times the maximum human exposure, based on surface area.
Oxybutynin chloride showed no increase of mutagenic activity when tested in Schizosaccharomyces pompholiciformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Salmonella typhimurium test systems.
Reproduction studies using oxybutynin chloride in the hamster, rabbit, rat, and mouse have shown no definite evidence of impaired fertility.
Pregnancy
Category B. Reproduction studies using oxybutynin chloride in the hamster, rabbit, rat, and mouse have shown no definite evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the animal fetus. The safety of oxybutynin chloride administered to women who are or who may become pregnant has not been established. Therefore, oxybutynin chloride should not be given to pregnant women unless, in the judgment of the physician, the probable clinical benefits outweigh the possible hazards.
Nursing Mothers:
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when oxybutynin chloride is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
The safety and efficacy of oxybutynin chloride administration have been demonstrated for pediatric patients 5 years of age and older (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
The safety and efficacy of oxybutynin chloride tablets and oxybutynin chloride syrup were studied in 30 and in 26 children, respectively, in a 24-week, open-label trial. Patients were aged 5-15 years, all had symptoms of detrusor overactivity in association with a neurological condition (e.g., spina bifida), all used clean intermittent catheterization, and all were current users of oxybutynin chloride.
Study results demonstrated that the administration of oxybutynin chloride was associated with improvement in clinical and urodynamic parameters.
At total daily doses ranging from 5 mg to 15 mg, treatment with oxybutynin chloride tablets was associated with an increase from baseline in mean urine volume per catheterization from 122 mL to 145 mL, an increase from baseline in mean urine volume after morning awakening from 148 mL to 168 mL, and an increase from baseline in the mean percentage of catheterizations without a leaking episode from 43% to 61%. Urodynamic results in these patients were consistent with the clinical results. Treatment with oxybutynin chloride tablets was associated with an increase from baseline in maximum cystometric capacity from 230 mL to 279 mL, a decrease from baseline in mean detrusor pressure at maximum cystometric capacity from 36 cm H20 to 33 cm H20, and a reduction in the percentage of patients demonstrating uninhibited detrusor contractions (of at least 15 cm H20) from 39% to 20%.
At total daily doses ranging from 5 mg to 30 mg, treatment with oxybutynin chloride syrup was associated with an increase from baseline in mean urine volume per catheterization from 113 mL to 133 mL, an increase from baseline in mean urine volume after morning awakening from 143 mL to 165 mL, and an increase from baseline in the mean percentage of catheterizations without a leaking episode from 34% to 63%. Urodynamic results were consistent with these clinical results.
Treatment with oxybutynin chloride syrup was associated with an increase from baseline in maximum cystometric capacity from 192 mL to 294 mL, a decrease from baseline in mean detrusor pressure at maximum cystometric capacity from 46 cm H20 to 37 cm H20, and a reduction in the percentage of patients demonstrating uninhibited detrusor contractions (of at least 15 cm H20) from 67% to 28%.
As there is insufficient clinical data for pediatric populations under age 5, oxybutynin chloride is not recommended for this age group.
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of oxybutynin chloride did not include sufficient numbers of subjects age 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between healthy elderly and younger patients; however, a lower initial starting dose of 2.5 mg given 2 or 3 times a day has been recommended for the frail elderly due to a prolongation of the elimination half-life from 2-3 hours to 5 hours.2, 3, 4 In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Adverse Reactions
The safety and efficacy of Oxybutynin Chloride Syrup was evaluated in a total of 199 patients in three clinical trials comparing oxybutynin chloride with oxybutynin chloride extended release tablets (see Table 3). These participants were treated with oxybutynin chloride 5-20 mg/day for up to 6 weeks. Table 3 shows the incidence of adverse events judged by investigators to be at least possibly related to treatment and reported by at least 5% of patients.
Table 3 Incidence (%) of Adverse Events Reported by ≥ 5% of Patients Using Oxybutynin Chloride (5-20 mg/day)
| Body System |
Adverse Event |
Oxybutynin
Chloride
(5-20 MG/DAY)
(N=199) |
| Infections and Infestations |
Urinary tract infection |
6.5% |
| Psychiatric Disorders |
Insomnia
Nervousness |
5.5%
6.5% |
| Nervous System Disorders |
Dizziness
Somnolence
Headache |
16.6%
14.0%
7.5% |
| Eye Disorders |
Blurred vision |
9.6% |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders |
Dry mouth
Constipation
Nausea
Dyspepsia |
71.4%
15.1%
11.6%
6.0% |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders |
Urinary Hesitation
Urinary Retention |
8.5%
6.0% |
The most common adverse events reported by patients receiving oxybutynin chloride 5-20 mg/day were the expected side effects of anticholinergic agents. The incidence of dry mouth was dose-related.
In addition, the following adverse events were reported by 1 to <5% of patients using oxybutynin chloride (5-20 mg/day) in all studies. Infections and Infestations: nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, cystitis, fungal infection; Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: fluid retention; Psychiatric Disorders: confusional state; Nervous System Disorders: dysgeusia, sinus headache; Eye Disorders: keratoconjunctivitis sicca, eye irritation; Cardiac Disorders: palpitations, sinus arrhythmia; Vascular Disorders: flushing; Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: nasal dryness, cough, pharyngolaryngeal pain, dry throat, sinus congestion, hoarseness, asthma, nasal congestion; Gastrointestinal Disorders: diarrhea, abdominal pain, loose stools, flatulence, vomiting, abdominal pain upper, dysphagia, aptyalism, eructation, tongue coated; Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: dry skin, pruritis; Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: back pain, arthralgia, pain in extremity, flank pain; Renal and Urinary Disorders: dysuria, pollakiuria; General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: fatigue, edema peripheral, asthenia, pain, thirst, edema; Investigations: blood pressure increased, blood glucose increased, blood pressure decreased; Injury, Poisoning, and Procedural Complications: fall.
Postmarketing Surveillance
Because postmarketing adverse events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. The following additional adverse events have been reported from worldwide postmarketing experience with oxybutynin chloride: Psychiatric Disorders: psychotic disorder, agitation, hallucinations; Nervous System Disorders: convulsions; Eye disorders: cycloplegia, mydriasis; Cardiac Disorders: tachycardia; Gastrointestinal Disorders: decreased gastrointestinal motility; Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: rash, decreased sweating; Renal and Urinary Disorders: impotence; Reproductive system and breast disorders: Suppression of lactation.
Overdosage
Treatment should be symptomatic and supportive. Activated charcoal as well as a cathartic may be administered.
Overdosage with oxybutynin chloride has been associated with anticholinergic effects including central nervous system excitation (e.g., restlessness, tremor, irritability, convulsions, delirium, hallucinations), flushing, fever, dehydration, cardiac arrhythmia, vomiting, and urinary retention. Other symptoms may include hypotension or hypertension, respiratory failure, paralysis, and coma. Ingestion of 100 mg oxybutynin chloride in association with alcohol has been reported in a 13-year-old boy who experienced memory loss, and a 34 year old woman who developed stupor, followed by disorientation and agitation on awakening, dilated pupils, dry skin, cardiac arrhythmia, and retention of urine. Both patients fully recovered with symptomatic treatment.
Oxybutynin Syrup Dosage and Administration
Syrup
Adults: The usual dose is one teaspoon (5 mg/5 mL) of syrup two to three times a day. The maximum recommended dose is one teaspoon (5 mg/5 mL) of syrup four times a day. A lower starting dose of 2.5 mg two or three times a day is recommended for the frail elderly. Pediatric patients over 5 years of age: The usual dose is one teaspoon (5 mg/5 mL) of syrup two times a day. The maximum recommended dose is one teaspoon (5 mg/5mL) of syrup three times a day.
How is Oxybutynin Syrup Supplied
Oxybutynin Chloride Syrup USP (5 mg/5 mL) is supplied in bottles of one pint (473 mL). Oxybutynin Chloride Syrup (5 mg/5 mL) is a light bluish-green liquid with a characteristic raspberry flavor.
Pharmacist: Dispense in tight, light-resistance container as defined in the USP. Store at controlled room temperature 15ºC-30ºC (59ºF- 86ºF).
REFERENCES
1. Yong C et al. Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Oxybutynin in normal subjects. Pharm Res. 1991; 8 (Suppl.): S-320.
2. Hughes KM et al. Measurement of oxybutynin and its N-desethyl metabolite in plasma, and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in young, elderly and frail elderly volunteers. Xenobiotica. 1992; 22 (7): 859-869.
3. Ouslander J et al. Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Effects of Oxybutynin in Geriatric Patients. J. Urol. 1988; 140: 47-50.
4. Yarker Y et al. Oxybutynin: A review of its Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties, and its Therapeutic Use in Detrusor Instability. Drugs & Aging. 1995; 6(3): 243-262.
RX ONLY
Manufactured by:
Silarx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Spring Valley, NY 10977
OXYBUTYNIN CHLORIDE
oxybutynin chloride syrup |
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Revised: 06/2011Silarx Pharmaceuticals, Inc