Vitamin E Svus may be available in the countries listed below.
Tocopherol, α- acetate (a derivative of Tocopherol, α-) is reported as an ingredient of Vitamin E Svus in the following countries:
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Acetylcysteine Teva may be available in the countries listed below.
Acetylcysteine is reported as an ingredient of Acetylcysteine Teva in the following countries:
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Ondansetron Martian may be available in the countries listed below.
Ondansetron hydrochloride (a derivative of Ondansetron) is reported as an ingredient of Ondansetron Martian in the following countries:
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bue-MET-a-nide
Bumetanide is a potent diuretic which, if given in excessive amounts, can lead to a profound diuresis with water and electrolyte depletion. Therefore, careful medical supervision is required, and dose and dosage schedule have to be adjusted to the individual patient's needs .
In the U.S.
Available Dosage Forms:
Therapeutic Class: Cardiovascular Agent
Pharmacologic Class: Diuretic, Loop
Bumetanide belongs to a group of medicines called loop diuretics or "water pills." Bumetanide is given to help treat fluid retention (edema) and swelling that is caused by congestive heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, or other medical conditions. It works by acting on the kidneys to increase the flow of urine .
bumetanide is available only with your doctor's prescription .
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For bumetanide, the following should be considered:
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to bumetanide or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of bumetanide injection in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy have not been established .
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatrics-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of bumetanide injection in the elderly. However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related liver, kidney or heart problems, which may require an adjustment of dosage in patients receiving bumetanide injection .
| Pregnancy Category | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| All Trimesters | C | Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women. |
There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are receiving bumetanide, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using bumetanide with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Using bumetanide with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of bumetanide. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:
A nurse or other trained health professional will give you bumetanide. bumetanide is given through a needle placed into one of your veins .
Your doctor will only give you a few doses of bumetanide until your condition improves, and then you will be switched to another medicine that works the same way. If you have any concerns about this, talk to your doctor .
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor or nurse immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Get emergency help immediately if any of the following symptoms of overdose occur:
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
See also: bumetanide Injection side effects (in more detail)
The information contained in the Thomson Reuters Micromedex products as delivered by Drugs.com is intended as an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatment. It is not a substitute for a medical exam, nor does it replace the need for services provided by medical professionals. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before taking any prescription or over the counter drugs (including any herbal medicines or supplements) or following any treatment or regimen. Only your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist can provide you with advice on what is safe and effective for you.
The use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products is at your sole risk. These products are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either express or implied. Thomson Reuters Healthcare and Drugs.com make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the products. Additionally, THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE OPINIONS OR OTHER SERVICE OR DATA YOU MAY ACCESS, DOWNLOAD OR USE AS A RESULT OF USE OF THE THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Thomson Reuters Healthcare does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products.
Treating a certain type of seizure disorder (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome [LGS]). It is used along with other medicines. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.
Onfi is a benzodiazepine. Exactly how it works is not understood, but it is thought to involve the action of a certain chemical (gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) in the brain and nervous system.
Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.
Some medical conditions may interact with Onfi. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:
Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Onfi. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:
This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Onfi may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.
Use Onfi as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Onfi.
Some people who use Onfi for a long time may develop a need to continue taking it. People who take high doses are also at risk. This is known as DEPENDENCE or addiction. If you stop taking Onfi suddenly, you may have WITHDRAWAL symptoms. These may include diarrhea, dry heaving, hallucinations, headache, irregular heartbeat, mental or mood problems (eg, anxiety, irritability, nervousness, panic attacks, restlessness), muscle pain and stiffness, nausea, seizures, stomach and muscle cramps, sweating, trouble concentrating or sleeping, tremor, weight loss, or vision changes (eg, blurred vision, sensitivity to light). Do not suddenly stop taking Onfi without first checking with your doctor.
All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:
Constipation; drooling; drowsiness; sluggishness; tiredness; vomiting.
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); appetite changes; confusion; decreased coordination; difficult or painful urination; difficulty breathing; fever, chills, or persistent cough or sore throat; hallucinations; new or worsening mental or mood changes (eg, agitation, aggressiveness, behavior changes, depression, irritability, rage, restlessness); red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; shortness of breath; speech problems; suicidal thoughts or actions; trouble sleeping; trouble swallowing; unusual bruising or bleeding; unusual tiredness or weakness; vision changes (eg, blurred vision, double vision).
This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.
See also: Onfi side effects (in more detail)
Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include coma; confusion; decreased coordination; fainting; severe drowsiness, dizziness, or light-headedness; slow or shallow breathing; sluggishness.
Store Onfi at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Onfi out of the reach of children and away from pets.
This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Onfi. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
Baypress may be available in the countries listed below.
Nitrendipine is reported as an ingredient of Baypress in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Reno-Dip (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 30%) is a radiopaque contrast agent supplied as a sterile, aqueous solution for intravenous use, in 300 mL bottles. Each mL provides 300 mg diatrizoate meglumine; at manufacture, 0.4 mg edetate disodium sequestering agent is added per mL. The pH has been adjusted between 6.0 and 7.7 with meglumine and diatrizoic acid. Each mL of solution also contains approximately 0.049 mg (0.002 mEq) sodium and 141 mg organically bound iodine.
Following intravenous administration, diatrizoate meglumine is rapidly transported through the blood-stream to the kidneys and is excreted unchanged in the urine by glomerular filtration. When urinary tract obstruction is severe enough to block glomerular filtration, the agent appears to be excreted by the tubular epithelium.
Diuresis commonly occurs, due primarily to the osmotic effects of the contrast agent.
When a large volume of the contrast agent is administered in dilute form by intravenous drip infusion, the nephrographic phase of renal excretion is enhanced, and a dense, sustained nephrogram is usually obtained.
Following drip infusion of the contrast agent, the upper and lower urinary tract is opacified. Anatomically complete pyelograms and voiding cystograms may be obtained, and the entire course of the ureter may be seen in a single film. Filling defects may be visualized and the site of an obstruction may be clearly localized.
Renal accumulation is sufficiently rapid that optimal opacification of the kidney normally is reached by the time the infusion is completed, while filling of the collecting system is maximal within 20 or 30 minutes after the start of the infusion. Impairment of renal function commonly delays accumulation and excretion of the contrast agent, so that opacification may be delayed until three or more hours after the infusion; with severe impairment adequate opacification may not occur.
Because transport of the contrast agent is slowed by renal dysfunction, the ischemic kidney of renal vascular hypertension may be distinguished from the normal kidney. Renal ischemia produces a nephrogram which is slower to appear, less dense, and sustained for a markedly prolonged period of time.
Reno-Dip enhances computed tomographic brain scanning through augmentation of radiographic efficiency. The degree of enhancement of visualization of tissue density is directly related to the iodine content in an administered dose; peak iodine blood levels occur immediately following rapid infusion of the dose. These levels fall rapidly within five to ten minutes. This can be accounted for by the dilution in the vascular and extracellular fluid compartments which causes an initial sharp fall in plasma concentration. Equilibration with the extracellular compartments is reached in about ten minutes; thereafter, the fall becomes exponential. Maximum contrast enhancement frequently occurs after peak blood iodine levels are reached. The delay in maximum contrast enhancement can range from five to forty minutes, depending on the peak iodine levels achieved and the cell type of the lesion. This lag suggests that radiographic contrast enhancement is at least in part dependent on the accumulation of iodine within the lesion and outside the blood pool, although the mechanism by which this occurs is not clear. The radiographic enhancement of nontumoral lesions, such as arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms is probably dependent on the iodine content of the circulating blood pool.
In brain scanning, Reno-Dip (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 30%) does not accumulate in normal brain tissue due to the presence of the “blood-brain” barrier. The increase in X-ray absorption in normal brain is due to the presence of contrast agent within the blood pool. A break in the blood-brain barrier such as occurs in malignant tumors of the brain allows the accumulation of the contrast medium within the interstitial tumor tissue. Adjacent normal brain tissue does not contain the contrast medium.
In nonneural tissues (during computed tomography of the body), diatrizoate diffuses rapidly from the vascular into the extravascular space. Increase in X-ray absorption is related to blood flow, concentration of the contrast medium, and extraction of the contrast medium by interstitial tumor tissue since no barrier exists. Contrast enhancement is thus due to the relative differences in extravascular diffusion between normal and abnormal tissue, quite different from that in the brain.
The pharmacokinetics of diatrizoate in both normal and abnormal tissue have been shown to be variable. Contrast enhancement appears to be greatest soon after administration of the contrast medium, and following intra-arterial rather than intravenous administration. Thus, greatest enhancement can be detected by a series of consecutive two- to three-second scans performed just after injection (within 30 to 90 seconds), i.e., dynamic computed tomographic scanning.
Following intravenous injection of Reno-Dip (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 30%) into a suitable plantar vein, the agent opacifies those vessels into which it is distributed, permitting visualization of deep and superficial veins in the lower extremities until hemodilution occurs.
Reno-Dip is indicated for use in those patients in whom routine pyelography would not be expected to be, or has not been, satisfactory for diagnosis. It is not intended to replace retrograde pyelography where this procedure is indicated.
Reno-Dip (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 30%) is also indicated for radiographic contrast enhancement in computed tomography (CT) of the brain and body. Contrast enhancement may be advantageous in delineating or ruling out disease in suspicious areas which may otherwise not have been satisfactorily visualized.
Reno-Dip may be useful to demonstrate the presence and extent of certain malignancies such as: gliomas including malignant gliomas, glioblastomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and gangliomas; ependymomas; medulloblastomas; meningiomas; neuromas; pinealomas; pituitary adenomas; craniopharyngiomas; germinomas; and metastatic lesions.
The usefulness of contrast enhancement for the investigation of the retrobulbar space and in cases of low grade or infiltrative glioma has not been demonstrated. In cases where lesions have calcified, there is less likelihood of enhancement. Following therapy, tumors may show decreased or no enhancement.
The use of Reno-Dip may be beneficial in the enhancement of images of lesions not due to neoplasms. Cerebral infarctions of recent onset may be better visualized with the contrast enhancement, while some infarctions are obscured if a contrast medium is used. The use of Reno-Dip (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 30%) improved the contrast enhancement in approximately 60 percent of cerebral infarctions studied from one week to four weeks from the onset of symptoms.
Sites of active infection also will produce contrast enhancement following contrast medium administration.
Arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms will show contrast enhancement. In the case of these vascular lesions, the enhancement is probably dependent on the iodine content of the circulating blood pool.
Hematomas and intraparenchymal bleeders seldom demonstrate any contrast enhancement. However, in cases of intraparenchymal clot, for which there is no obvious clinical explanation, contrast medium administration may be helpful in ruling out the possibility of associated arteriovenous malformation.
The opacification of the inferior vermis following contrast medium administration has resulted in false-positive diagnoses in a number of normal studies.
Reno-Dip may be used for enhancement of computed tomographic scans performed for detection and evaluation of lesions in the liver, pancreas, kidneys, aorta, mediastinum, abdominal cavity, pelvis and retroperitoneal space.
Enhancement of computed tomography with Reno-Dip may be of benefit in establishing diagnoses of certain lesions in these sites with greater assurance than is possible with CT alone, and in supplying additional features of the lesions (e.g., hepatic abscess delineation prior to percutaneous drainage). In other cases, the contrast agent may allow visualization of lesions not seen with CT alone (e.g., tumor extension), or may help to define suspicious lesions seen with unenhanced CT (e.g., pancreatic cyst).
Contrast enhancement appears to be greatest within 60-90 seconds after bolus administration of the contrast agent. Therefore, utilization of a continuous scanning technique (“dynamic CT scanning”) may improve enhancement and diagnostic assessment of tumor and other lesions such as an abscess, occasionally revealing unsuspected or more extensive disease. For example, a cyst may be distinguished from a vascularized solid lesion when pre-contrast and enhanced scans are compared; the non-perfused mass shows unchanged X-ray absorption (CT number). A vascularized lesion is characterized by an increase in CT number in the few minutes after a bolus of intravascular contrast agent; it may be malignant, benign or normal tissue, but would probably not be a cyst, hematoma, or other nonvascular lesion.
Because unenhanced scanning may provide adequate diagnostic information in the individual patient, the decision to employ contrast enhancement, which may be associated with risk and increased radiation exposure, should be based upon a careful evaluation of clinical, other radiological, and unenhanced CT findings.
Reno-Dip (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 30%) is also indicated for lower extremity venography.
Reno-Dip is contraindicated for use in intrathecal procedures.
This preparation is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to salts of diatrizoic acid.
The administration of diatrizoate meglumine is contraindicated in patients with anuria.
Serious adverse reactions have been reported due to the inadvertent intrathecal administration of iodinated contrast media that are not indicated for intrathecal use. These serious adverse reactions include: death, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, coma, paralysis, arachnoiditis, acute renal failure, cardiac arrest, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, and brain edema. Special attention must be given to insure that this drug product is not inadvertently administered intrathecally.
The possibility exists for inadvertent administration into the intrathecal space during epidural administrations. Therefore, epidural administration procedures, such as pain management catheter placement, should not be performed with use of this product.
A definite risk exists in the use of intravascular contrast agents in patients who are known to have multiple myeloma. In such instances there has been anuria resulting in progressive uremia, renal failure and eventually death. Although neither the contrast agent nor dehydration has separately proved to be the cause of anuria in myeloma, it has been speculated that the combination of both may be the causative factor. The risk in myelomatous patients is not a contraindication to the procedures; however, partial dehydration in the preparation of these patients for the examination is not recommended since this may predispose to the precipitation of myeloma protein in the renal tubules. No form of therapy, including dialysis, has been successful in reversing this effect. Myeloma, which occurs most commonly in persons over age 40, should be considered before intravascular administration of a contrast agent.
Administration of radiopaque materials to patients known or suspected to have pheochromocytoma should be performed with extreme caution. If, in the opinion of the physician, the possible benefits of such procedures outweigh the considered risks, the procedures may be performed; however, the amount of radiopaque medium injected should be kept to an absolute minimum. The blood pressure should be assessed throughout the procedure and measures for treatment of a hypertensive crisis should be available.
Contrast media have been shown to promote the phenomenon of sickling in individuals who are homozygous for sickle cell disease when the material is injected intravenously or intra-arterially.
Diatrizoate meglumine should be used with extreme caution in patients with severe concomitant hepatic and renal disease, and those with severe hypertension or congestive heart failure.
Since iodine-containing contrast agents may alter the results of thyroid function tests dependent on iodine estimation, such tests, if indicated, should be performed prior to the administration of this preparation.
A history of sensitivity to iodine per se or to other contrast media is not an absolute contraindication to the use of diatrizoate meglumine, but calls for extreme caution in administration.
In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, a rare association between contrast administration and clinical deterioration, including convulsions and death, has been reported; therefore, administration of intravascular iodinated ionic contrast media in these patients should be undertaken with caution.
Diagnostic procedures which involve the use of radiopaque contrast agents should be carried out under the direction of personnel with the prerequisite training and with a thorough knowledge of the particular procedure to be performed (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Severe, life-threatening reactions suggest hypersensitivity to the radiopaque agent, which has prompted the use of several pretesting methods, none of which can be relied upon to predict severe reactions. Many authorities question the value of any pretest. A history of bronchial asthma or allergy, a family history of allergy, or a previous reaction to a contrast agent warrant special attention. Such a history, by suggesting histamine sensitivity and a consequent proneness to reactions, may be more accurate than pretesting in predicting the likelihood of a reaction, although not necessarily the severity or type of reaction in the individual case.
The sensitivity test most often performed is the slow injection of 0.5 to 1 mL of the radiopaque medium, administered intravenously, prior to injection of the full diagnostic dose. It should be noted that the absence of a reaction to the test dose does not preclude the possibility of a reaction to the full diagnostic dose. If the test dose causes an untoward response of any kind, the necessity for continuing with the examination should be carefully reevaluated and, if it is deemed essential, the examination should be conducted with all possible caution. In rare instances reactions to the test dose itself may be extremely severe; therefore, close observation of the patient, and facilities for emergency treatment appear indicated.
The recommended rate of infusion should not be exceeded.
Renal toxicity has been reported in a few patients with liver dysfunction who were given oral cholecystographic agents followed by urographic agents. Diagnostic infusion studies should therefore be postponed in any patient with a known or suspected hepatic or biliary disorder who has recently taken a cholecystographic contrast agent.
The diuretic effect of the drip infusion procedure may hinder an assessment of residual urine in the bladder.
Consideration must be given to the functional ability of the kidneys before injecting diatrizoate meglumine. Adequate visualization may be difficult or impossible to attain in uremic patients or others with severely impaired renal function.
Acute renal failure has been reported with the use of contrast agents in patients with diabetic nephropathy and susceptible nondiabetic patients (often elderly with preexisting renal disease).
Contrast agents may interfere with some chemical determinations made on urine specimens; therefore, urine should be collected before administration of the contrast media or two or more days afterwards.
Caution should be exercised during lower extremity venography when thrombosis, phlebitis, total venous system obstruction, severe ischemia, or local infection is suspected. Extreme caution during injection of the agent is needed to avoid extravasation and fluoroscopy is recommended, particularly in patients with severe arterial or venous disease.
The safety of diatrizoate meglumine for use during pregnancy has not been established; therefore, it should be used in pregnant patients only when, in the judgement of the physician, its use is deemed essential to the welfare of the patient.
Adverse reactions accompanying the use of iodine-containing intravascular contrast agents are usually mild and transient although severe and life-threatening reactions, including fatalities, have occurred. Because of the possibility of severe reactions to the procedure and/or the radiopaque medium, appropriate emergency facilities and well-trained personnel should be available to treat both conditions. Emergency facilities and personnel should remain available for 30 to 60 minutes following the procedure since severe delayed reactions have been known to occur.
Nausea, vomiting, flushing, or a generalized feeling of warmth are the reactions most frequently encountered with intravenous administration of contrast agents. Such symptoms as chills, fever, sweating, headache, dizziness, pallor, weakness, severe retching and choking, wheezing, a rise or fall in blood pressure, ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest, facial or conjunctival petechiae, urticaria,pruritus, rash, and other eruptions, edema, cramps, tremors, itching, sneezing, lacrimation, etc., may occur. Antihistaminic agents may be of benefit; rarely such reactions may be severe enough to require discontinuation of dosage. Pulmonary edema, spasm, seizures, hemiparesis, syncope, and impairment of vision have also occurred. Neutropenia may also occur.
Severe reactions which may require emergency measures may take the form of a cardiovascular reaction characterized by peripheral vasodilatation with resultant hypotension and reflex tachycardia, apnea, dyspnea, agitation, and confusion and cyanosis progressing to unconsciousness. Or, the histamine-liberating effect of these compounds may induce an allergic-like reaction which may range in severity from rhinitis or angioneurotic edema to laryngeal or bronchial spasm or anaphylactoid shock.
Temporary renal shutdown or other nephropathy may occur.
Although local tissue tolerance to diatrizoate meglumine is usually good, intravenous injection of the medium in a more concentrated formulation has produced a few instances of a burning or stingingsensation or numbness and of venospasm or venous pain, and partial collapse of the injected vein.
Although not reported as resulting following lower extremity venography with diatrizoate meglumine, conditions such as thrombophlebitis, and the rare possibility of gangrene, should be considered as potential adverse reactions.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
Reno-Dip (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 30%) should be at body temperature when administered and may need to be warmed before use.
While preparation of the patient is not essential for drip infusion pyelography, it is advocated by some investigators. If desired, adults and older children may be given a laxative the night before the examination and a low residue diet the day before, to clear the gastrointestinal tract. Clinicians who feel that partial dehydration enhances radiographic contrast recommend a low liquid intake for 12 hours prior to the procedure; however, adequate hydration has improved the quality of films for other investigators. Preparatory partial dehydration is not recommended in infants, young children, the elderly, or azotemic patients (especially those with polyuria, oliguria, diabetes, advanced vascular disease, or preexisting dehydration). The undesirable dehydration in these patients may be accentuated by the osmotic diuretic action of the medium.
In uremic patients partial dehydration is not necessary and maintenance of adequate fluid intake is particularly desirable.
Cleansing enemas are not recommended, since they may increase residual gas in the bowel.
The recommended dose is 2 mL per pound of body weight. The preparation is given by continuous intravenous infusion, over a period of 8 minutes or longer (see PRECAUTIONS), through a needle with a large bore, usually a 17- or 18-gauge needle. In older patients and in patients with known or suspected cardiac decompensation, a slower rate of infusion is probably wise.
If nausea or flushing occurs during administration, the infusion should be slowed or briefly interrupted.
Films are taken before the onset of the infusion and at the desired intervals following its completion. When renal function is normal, a nephrogram may be taken as soon as the infusion is completed, and films of the collecting system at 10 and 20 minutes thereafter. Voiding cystourethrograms are usually optimal at 20 minutes after the infusion is completed. In hypertensive patients, early minute sequence films may be taken during the course of infusion, in addition to subsequent pyelograms. In patients with renal dysfunction, optimal visualization is usually delayed, and the late films are taken as indicated.
The nephrogram obtained by the drip infusion procedure may be dense enough to obscure the pelvocalyceal system in some cases. The presence of gas in the bowel may hamper early visualization of the renal collecting system. Tomographic “cuts” may help to overcome such difficulties.
Nephrotomography may begin when the infusion is completed. The sustained contrast achieved by the drip infusion technique eliminates the need for precise timing and teamwork that is necessary with ordinary nephrotomography. Thus, if nephrograms taken after infusion of the medium suggest the need for sectional films, or if preselected tomographic“cuts” are not sufficient, additional tomograms may be obtained at once, and without repetition of dosage.
The suggested dose is 2 mL per pound of body weight by intravenous drip over a period of eight minutes or longer; scanning may be performed during administration and/or immediately afterwards.
The usual adult dose is 300 mL administered by intravenous infusion over a period of approximately 20 minutes; 150 mL may be infused immediately prior to scanning, and the balance during scanning. Scanning may also be performed immediately following completion of infusion of the entire dose.
Gastrografin® (Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium Solution USP), an oral radiopaque contrast agent, may be useful as an adjunct to the procedure.
No special patient preparation is required for contrast enhancement of CT brain scanning or body scanning. However, it is advisable to insure that patients are well hydrated prior to examination.
Appropriate premedication, which may include an analgesic, a barbiturate, or a tranquilizer may be administered prior to the examination.
Prior to the administration of the contrast agent, patients should be well hydrated and a preliminary radiograph taken. The patient should be placed on a tilt table, semi-erect (30° to 60°).
The usual dose per intravenous injection may range from 50 to 100 mL; the usual total dose per extremity ranges from 100 to 300 mL. The dose for children should be reduced in proportion to body weight. The dose may be given as a bolus injection or by steady drip infusion. Radiographs are taken at the start of injection/infusion and periodically thereafter at the discretion of the radiologist.
Following the procedure, the contrast agent may be removed from the venous system by flushing with either Dextrose Injection USP 5% or Sodium Chloride Injection USP 0.9%, or by leg massage and/or leg elevation.
Reno-Dip (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 30%) is available in packages of 10 single dose 300 mL bottles (NDC 0270-0809-75). An excess volume (1 mL) is available in each container for sensitivity testing.
The preparation should be protected from strong light and stored at 20-25°C (68-77°F) [See USP].
Manufactured for
Bracco Diagnostics Inc.
Princeton, NJ 08543
by SICOR Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Irvine, CA 92618
Printed in USA
Rev September 2003
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Ca-Folinat O.R.C.A.-Pharm may be available in the countries listed below.
Folic Acid sodium salt (a derivative of Folic Acid) is reported as an ingredient of Ca-Folinat O.R.C.A.-Pharm in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
