Mexitil

Generic Name: Mexiletine Hydrochloride
Class: Class Ib Antiarrhythmics
VA Class: CV300
Chemical Name: 1-(2,6-Dimethylphenoxy)-2-propanamine hydrochloride
Molecular Formula: C₁₁H₁₇NO•HCl
CAS Number: 5370-01-4

Introduction

Antiarrhythmic agent; a local anesthetic-type, class 1B agent.^{1 8 10 11 12 24 34}

Uses for Mexitil

Ventricular Arrhythmias

Treatment of documented life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (e.g., sustained ventricular tachycardia).^{1 20 34} Use for less severe arrhythmias is notrecommended.^{1 34 44}

Can reduce ventricular premature contractions (VPCs)†, paired VPCs†, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia† and can suppress the recurrence of ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation in patients with ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation†.^{1 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 34} Avoid treatment of asymptomatic VPCs.^{1 34}

Has been effective in some patients for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias unresponsive to other antiarrhythmic agents†.^{10 11 12 13 16 19 20} However, not a recommended or alternative agent for the management of arrhythmias in ACLS.⁴³

Diabetic Neuropathy

Has been used with equivocal results in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy†;^{26 27 28 29 30 31 32 39 45 46} pending further accumulation of data from well-designed studies, use only in patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate more established therapies.^{32 39}

Mexitil Dosage and Administration

General

Ventricular Arrhythmias

• 
  

  Individualize dosage carefully according to individual response, tolerance, general condition, and cardiovascular status.^{1 12 17 34 44 46}

  
  


• 
  

  Clinical and ECG evaluation (e.g., Holter monitoring) is recommended to determine whether the desired antiarrhythmic effect has been achieved and to guide dosage titration and adjustment.^{1 12 14 17 18 34 44}

  
  


• 
  

  Initiate therapy in a hospital.^{1 34} Patients at high risk for developing life-threatening arrhythmias after discontinuance of existing antiarrhythmic therapy should be hospitalized.^{1 34}

  
  

Administration

Oral Administration

Administer orally, generally every 8 hours.^{1 10 12 15}

Administer with food or antacids to minimize adverse GI effects.^{1 10 11 12 34 44 46}

Dosage

Available as mexiletine hydrochloride; dosage expressed in terms of the salt.¹

Adults

Ventricular Arrhythmias

Oral

If rapid control of arrhythmia is essential, 400-mg loading dose followed by 200 mg in 8 hours.^{1 12 13 15 34} If rapid control of arrhythmia is not essential, initial dosage of 200 mg every 8 hours.^{1 17 20 34}

If necessary, adjust dosage at intervals of at least 2–3 days in increments or decrements of 50 or 100 mg.^{1 13 34} 200–300 mg every 8 hours usually results in satisfactory control of arrhythmias.^{1 10 17 34} If satisfactory control is not achieved and patient tolerates 300 mg every 8 hours, increase dosage to 400 mg every 8 hours.^{1 11 17 34}

If adequate control of arrhythmia has been achieved at doses ≤300 mg every 8 hours, total dosage may be administered twice daily (every 12 hours) with close monitoring of degree of ventricular ectopy suppression.^{1 34}

Switching from Another Class I Antiarrhythmic Agent

Oral

200 mg as a single dose, administered 6–12 hours after last dose of quinidine sulfate or disopyramide, 3–6 hours after last dose of procainamide, or 8–12 hours after last dose of tocainide.^{1 34} Adjust subsequent doses according to individual requirements.^{1 34}

When switching to mexiletine from IV lidocaine, discontinue lidocaine infusion at the time of administration of the first dose of mexiletine; however, keep infusion line open until arrhythmia appears to be satisfactorily suppressed.^{1 34} Closely monitor patient.^{1 34}

Diabetic Neuropathy†

Oral

Initial dosage of 200 mg once daily has been used;^{31 32 39 44 46} dosage increased at 2-day intervals to 200 mg twice daily and then 200 mg 3 times daily.^{32 39 46}

Prescribing Limits

Adults

Ventricular Arrhythmias

Oral

Maximum 400 mg every 8 hours^{1 11 17 34} (1.2 g daily).^{1 13 34 46}

If given twice daily, maximum 450 mg every 12 hours.^{1 34}

Diabetic Neuropathy†

Oral

Dosage generally should not exceed 1.2 g daily.^{32 39 46}

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Consider dosage reduction in patients with hepatic impairment (including those with hepatic dysfunction secondary to CHF).^{1 8 12 34 44}

Renal Impairment

Dosage adjustment not required.^{1 8 12 21 34}

Cautions for Mexitil

Contraindications

• 
  

  Second- or third-degree AV block (unless a cardiac pacemaker is in place).^{1 34 46}

  
  


• 
  

  Cardiogenic shock.^{1 34 46}

  
  

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Mortality

In CAST study, excessive rate of mortality and nonfatal cardiac arrest reported in patients with asymptomatic, non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and recent MI (>6 days but <2 years previously) who were receiving encainide or flecainide compared with placebo.^{1 2 3 4 5 34}

Limit use of mexiletine in patients with ventricular arrhythmias to those with life-threatening arrhythmias^{1 34} due to mexiletine’s arrhythmogenic potential (see Cardiovascular Effects under Cautions) and the lack of evidence for improved survival for class I antiarrhythmic agents.^{33 34 40 41 42} Use for treatment of less severe arrhythmias currently is not recommended; avoid treatment of asymptomatic VPCs.^{1 34}

Major Toxicities

Cardiovascular Effects

Possible development or exacerbation of arrhythmias; clinical and ECG evaluations are essential prior to and during therapy.^{1 34} Initiate therapy in a hospital.^{1 34}

Use with caution in patients with preexisting first-degree AV block, sinus node dysfunction, or intraventricular conduction disturbances.^{1 34} Continuous monitoring recommended for patients with second- or third-degree AV block and an operative ventricular pacemaker.^{1 34} (See Contraindications under Cautions.)

Possible exacerbation of hypotension and CHF; use with caution in patients with these conditions.^{1 34}

Hepatic Effects

Possible abnormal liver function test results (AST elevations ≥3 times the ULN),^{1 34 44} especially during initial weeks of therapy in patients with CHF or AMI and/or patients who have received blood transfusions or other drug therapies.^{1 34} Discontinuance of therapy usually is not required.^{1 34} Severe hepatic injury, including hepatic necrosis, reported rarely.^{1 34}

Carefully evaluate patients who develop elevated serum concentrations of hepatic enzymes and those with signs or symptoms suggestive of liver dysfunction; consider discontinuance of therapy if enzyme elevations are persistent or increasing.^{1 34}

Hematologic Effects

Possible leukopenia, agranulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, ^{1 34} especially in severely ill patients receiving concurrent therapy with drugs known to cause adverse hematologic effects (e.g., procainamide, vinblastine).^{1 34}

Carefully evaluate patients in whom substantial hematologic changes occur; consider discontinuing therapy.^{1 34} Blood cell counts generally return to normal within 1 month following discontinuance.^{1 34}

General Precautions

Seizures

Seizures reported rarely; discontinuance of therapy may be necessary.^{1 34} Use with caution in patients with a history of seizure disorder.^{1 34}

Effects on Urinary Excretion

Substantial changes in urinary pH may affect urinary excretion of mexiletine; avoid concomitant drug therapy or dietary regimens that may markedly affect urinary pH.^{1 11 12 21 34}

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category C.¹

Lactation

Distributed into milk.^{1 21 34} Discontinue nursing or the drug.^{1 34}

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established.^{1 34 44 47}

Hepatic Impairment

Possible prolonged elimination.^{1 8 9 12 13 34} Careful monitoring recommended (including in those with hepatic impairment secondary to CHF).^{1 8 9 34} Consider dosage reduction.^{1 8 12 34 44}

Common Adverse Effects

Nausea,^{1 14 18 19 20 34} vomiting,^{1 18 19 20 34} heartburn,^{1 14 20 34} dizziness^{1 5 18 19 34} or lightheadedness,^{1 34} tremor,^{1 18 20 34} nervousness,^{1 34} chest pain, ^{1 34} coordination difficulties,^{1 34} headache,^{1 15 34} blurred vision/visual disturbances.^{1 20 34}

Interactions for Mexitil

Metabolized by various CYP isoenzymes,^{1 9} principally by CYP2D and CYP1A2.³⁹

Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

Hepatic enzyme inducers: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased plasma mexiletine concentrations).^{1 8 9 10 11 12 13 21 25 34}

Hepatic enzyme inhibitors: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased mexiletine clearance).^{1 49 50}

Drugs Affecting Gastric Emptying

Drugs that delay gastric emptying may reduce rate of mexiletine absorption^{1 34} (since mexiletine is absorbed in the small intestine^{1 11 12 13 21 34} ); conversely, drugs that accelerate gastric emptying may increase rate of mexiletine absorption.^{1 10 11 21 34}

Drugs Affecting Urinary pH

Drugs that markedly alter urinary pH may affect elimination of mexiletine; urinary acidification accelerates elimination; alkalinization slows elimination.¹ Avoid concomitant drug therapy that markedly affects urinary pH.^{1 11 12 21 34}

Specific Drugs

Drug	Interaction	Comments
Antacids (aluminum- and magnesium-containing)	Possible decreased rate of absorption of mexiletine1 10 11 21 34
Antianginal agents	Adverse pharmacokinetic interactions not reported1 34
Antiarrhythmic agents (e.g., quinidine, propranolol)	Possible improved control of ventricular ectopy;1 34 prolongation of PR and QT intervals or QRS complex not reported with concomitant propranolol use1 10 11 12 34
Anticoagulants	Adverse pharmacokinetic interactions not reported1 34
Antihypertensive agents	Adverse pharmacokinetic interactions not reported1 34
Atropine	Possible decreased rate of absorption of mexiletine1 10 11 21 34
Benzodiazepines	Pharmacokinetic interactions not reported1 34
Cimetidine	Possible increased, decreased, or unchanged plasma mexiletine concentrations1 8 11 12 34	Closely monitor plasma mexiletine concentrations1 34
Digoxin	Prolongation of PR and QT intervals or QRS complex not reported1 10 11 12 34
Diuretics	Prolongation of PR and QT intervals or QRS complex not reported1 10 11 12 34
Fluvoxamine	Reduced mexiletine clearance49 50	Monitor patient closely and monitor serum mexiletine concentrations 49 50
Lidocaine	Potential additive adverse effects1 34	Close monitoring recommended when patients are switched from IV lidocaine to mexiletine1 34
Methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline)	Possible decreased methylxanthine clearance and increased plasma theophylline concentrations1 34	Monitor plasma theophylline concentrations; adjust theophylline dosage if necessary1 34
Metoclopramide	Possible increased rate of absorption of mexiletine1 10 11 21 34
Opiate agonists	Possible decreased rate of absorption of mexiletine1 10 11 21 34
Phenobarbital	Possible decreased plasma mexiletine concentrations1 8 9 10 11 12 13 21 25 34	Closely monitor plasma mexiletine concentrations1 34
Phenytoin	Possible decreased plasma mexiletine concentrations1 8 9 10 11 12 13 21 25 34	Closely monitor plasma mexiletine concentrations1 34
Propafenone	Possible increased plasma mexiletine concentrationsa b
Rifampin and rifapentine	Possible decreased plasma mexiletine concentrations1 8 9 10 11 12 13 21 25 34	Closely monitor plasma mexiletine concentrations1 34

Mexitil Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

About 90% absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations attained in 2–3 hours.¹ Undergoes low first-pass metabolism.^{1 34}

Onset

Onset of action is usually within 30–120 minutes.^{1 34}

Plasma Concentrations

Plasma mexilitine concentrations of ≥0.5 mcg/mL generally required to suppress ventricular arrhythmias; concentrations >2 mcg/mL associated with adverse CNS effects.¹

Special Populations

Decreased rate of absorption in patients with AMI or other conditions that delay gastric emptying.¹

Distribution

Plasma Protein Binding

50–60%.¹

Elimination

Metabolism

Extensively metabolized in the liver^{1 9 10 34} by various CYP isoenzymes,⁹ including CYP2D and CYP1A2.³⁹ Pharmacologic activity results principally from the parent drug.^{9 10}

Elimination Route

About 8–15% of a dose is excreted in urine as unchanged drug.^{12 13}

Half-life

10–12 hours.¹

Special Populations

In patients with hepatic impairment, possible decreased metabolism^{1 8 12 34 44} and prolonged elimination.^{1 8 9 12 13 34}

Stability

Storage

Oral

Capsules

20–25°C.¹

ActionsActions

• 
  

  Combines with fast sodium channels within the myocardium and inhibits rapid sodium influx, which decreases the maximal rate of depolarization of phase 0 of the action potential.^{1 8 10 11 12 21 34}

  
  


• 
  

  Inhibits recovery after repolarization in a time- and voltage-dependent manner, which is associated with subsequent dissociation of the drug from the sodium channels.^{35 36 37 39}

  
  


• 
  

  Increases the effective refractory period (ERP) relative to the duration of the action potential (ERP/APD)^{1 8 9 10 12 14 21 34} and reduces ventricular automaticity by raising the threshold for spontaneous firing of ventricular pacemaker cells.¹⁰

  
  


• 
  

  Exhibits electrophysiologic effects characteristic of class IB antiarrhythmic agents,^{8 10 12 35 36 37 38} which rapidly attach to and dissociate from transmembrane sodium channels.^{1 8 9 12 35 36 37}

  
  


• 
  

  Causes little or no prolongation of PR and QT intervals or QRS complex.^{1 8 9 10 12 14 21 34} Has no clinically important effect on heart rate, systemic arterial BP, or myocardial function in healthy individuals or patients with cardiovascular disease.^{1 10 11 12 14 21 34}

  
  

Advice to Patients

• 
  

  Potential for toxicity (e.g., cardiovascular, hepatic).¹

  
  


• 
  

  Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.^{1 34}

  
  


• 
  

  Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs.^{1 34}

  
  


• 
  

  Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)

  
  

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Mexiletine Hydrochloride

Routes	Dosage Forms	Strengths	Brand Names	Manufacturer
Oral	Capsules	150 mg*	Mexiletine Hydrochloride Capsules	Roxane, Sandoz, Teva, Watson
			Mexitil (with benzyl alcohol and parabens)	Boehringer Ingelheim
		200 mg*	Mexiletine Hydrochloride Capsules	Roxane, Sandoz, Teva, Watson
			Mexitil (with benzyl alcohol and parabens)	Boehringer Ingelheim
		250 mg*	Mexiletine Hydrochloride Capsules	Roxane, Sandoz, Teva, Watson
			Mexitil (with benzyl alcohol and parabens)	Boehringer Ingelheim

Comparative Pricing

This pricing information is subject to change at the sole discretion of DS Pharmacy. This pricing information was updated 03/2011. Actual costs to patients will vary depending on the use of specific retail or mail-order locations and health insurance copays.

Mexiletine HCl 150MG Capsules (TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA): 90/$45.99 or 270/$109.96

Mexiletine HCl 250MG Capsules (TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA): 90/$75.99 or 270/$209.99

Disclaimer

This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.

AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions April 2010. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

References

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4. Echt DC, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo: the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324:781-8. [IDIS 279004] [PubMed 1900101]

5. Food and Drug Administration. Enkaid and Tambocor use in non-life-threatening arrhythmias halted. FDA Talk Paper. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 1989 Apr 25.

6. Department of Health and Human Services. Background statement regarding encainide, flecainide, and moricizine. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1989 Apr.

7. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II investigators. Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327:227-33. [IDIS 299111] [PubMed 1377359]

8. Kowey PR. Pharmacological Effects of Antiarrhythmic Drug: Review and Update. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158: 325-32. [IDIS 401793] [PubMed 9487229]

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24. AstraZeneca. EMLA Cream and Anesthetic Disc (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5% cream) prescribing information (dated 2002 Feb). In: Physicians’ desk reference. 57th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc; 2003:599-602.

25. Aventis. Priftin (rifapentine) tablets prescribing information. In: Physicians’ desk reference. 57th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc; 2003:753-6.

26. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Diabetic Neuropathies: the nerve damage of diabetes. From NIDDK website () 2003 Apr 2.

27. Russell D, Stading J. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: minimizing and treating its pain. US Pharmacist. 2002; 27:56-67.

28. Galer BS. Neuropathic pain of peripheral origin: advances in pharmacologic treatment. Neurology. 1995; 45(Suppl 9):S17-25. [IDIS 360673] [PubMed 8538882]

29. Oskarsson P, Ljunggren JG, Lins PE et al. Efficacy and safety of mexiletine in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20:1594-7. [IDIS 393128] [PubMed 9314641]

30. Dejgard A, Petersen P, Kastrup J. Mexiletine for treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy. Lancet. 1988; 1:9-11. [IDIS 237595] [PubMed 2891940]

31. Stracke H, Meyer UE, Schumacher HE et al. Mexiletine in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15:1550-5. [PubMed 1468285]

32. Wright JM, Oki JC, Graves L 3rd. Mexiletine in the symptomatic treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Ann Pharmacother. 1997; 31:116-7. [IDIS 377886] [PubMed 8997478]

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34. Watson. Mexiletine hydrochloride capsules prescribing information. Corona, CA; 2000 May.

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36. Harrison DC. Antiarrhythmic drug classification: new science and practical applications. Am J Cardiol. 1985; 56:185-7. [PubMed 2409789]

37. Campbell TJ. Kinetics of onset of rate-dependent effects of class I antiarrhythmic drugs are important in determining their effects on refractoriness in guinea-pig ventricle, and provide a theoretical basis for their subclassification. Cardiovasc Res. 1983; 17:344-52. [PubMed 6883410]

38. Harrison DC. Current classification of antiarrhythmic drugs as a guide to their rational clinical use. Drugs. 1986; 31:93-5. [IDIS 212454] [PubMed 3948737]

39. Jarvis B, Coukell AJ. Mexiletine: a review of its therapeutic use in painful diabetic neuropathy. Drugs. 1998; 56:691-707. [PubMed 9806111]

40. Anon. Drugs for cardiac arrhythmias. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1989; 31:35-40. [PubMed 2565011]

41. Teo KK, Yusuf S, Furberg CD. Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1993; 270:1589-95. [IDIS 320343] [PubMed 8371471]

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44. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations).

45. Vinik AI. Diagnosis and management of diabetic neuropathy. Clin Geriatr Med. 1999; 2:293-320.

46. Guay DRP.Adjunctive agents in the management of chronic pain. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 9: 1070-81.

47. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ridgefield, CT: Personal communication.

49. Barr Laboratories, Inc. Fluvoxamine maleate tablets prescribing information. Pomona, NY; 2005 Jan.

50. Kusumoto M, Ueno K, Oda A et al. Effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of mexiletine in healthy Japanese men. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001; 69:104-7. [IDIS 461192] [PubMed 11240973]

a. Libersa C, Caron J, Broly F et al. Interaction of propafenone and mexiletine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22:2061. [PubMed 8245368]

b. Yeung-Lai-Wah JA, Murdock CJ, Boone J et al. Propafenone-mexiletine combination for the treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 20:547-51.

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